, created his own vision of the city. V.'s fourteenth chapter lacks an action-filled plot because it is focused on V. and Mélanie's love, so that the representation of this city makes it much bleaker than Cairo, Florence and Malta. The places named in chapter fourteen do not give a clear understanding of the author's intentions, but show only his desire to escape the already classical Paris depicted by Hemingway in his first novels and perhaps also the cubist Montmartre whose story Gertrude Stein had already told. Coming back to the Ville-Lumière after the First World war in Against the Day, Pynchon could finally show a relaxed attitude towards American residents in Paris, and laugh fancifully at their pronunciation of the French language, because, even though he called himself a "slow-learner, By studying the results of a geocritical approach to the representation of Paris in books written by American expatriated authors, we learned how Pynchon, by contrast

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